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Biology and Biotechnology of Environmental Stress Tolerance in Plants, Volume 3

toleration. This interrelation between the plant and the microbe is significant

for viable agrarian along with industrial purposes since it relies on biological

activities and restores traditional agricultural practices. As an environmental

engineer, you can use microbes to help solve environmental stress problems.

As a result, feeding the world’s population with available resources while

reducing environmental effects is a feasible and future technology. We have

endeavored to investigate beneficial microorganisms that can withstand

abiotic and biotic stress, as well as their mechanisms of action, in order to

boost long-term agricultural production.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Abiotic and biotic stress are constantly affecting our agroecosystem, affecting

crop fecundity, soil condition, and prolificacy. The presence of innumerable

stress-causing factors has an adverse effect on growth and productivity of

crops. The biotic as well as abiotic tensities are the two kinds of stressors.

Abiotic and biotic strain are causing 50% and 30% of losses in farm

output, respectively. These stresses can be occurred naturally or produced

by humans. Temperature, dryness, salinity, and heavy metal stress are the

most significant abiotic stressors. The impacts of stress on the biochemistry

along with morphological, physiological as well as on the gene regulation

of the plant are numerous. In relation to climate and temperature change,

scarcity of water, brininess, and heavy metal pollution are key stressors.

Abiotic stress variables also have an impact on biotic stress, lowering crop

output. The loss of soil microbial diversity, soil fertility, and competition

for nutrient resources are the main effects of these pressures (Chodak et al.,

2015). Plant-linked microbial communities, like fungal mycorrhiza and plant

growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), are the only viable alternatives, as they

aid plant flourishing and maturation under various biotic as well as abiotic

conditions. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizal

fungi are two efficient microorganisms that can help improve and enhance

viable agricultural as well as environs reliability. Plant-linked microorgan­

isms are divided into three categories based on their effects on plants:

helpful, harmful, and neutral. PGPR refers to a bacterial group including

Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella,

Pseudomonas, Serratia, along with Variovorax that support plant blooming

and development in both normal and stressful conditions. Drought, salt, and

heavy metal stress are all too much for most plant growth-promoting microor­

ganisms (PGPM) and Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM). As a result, developing

biofertilizers that are appropriate in such conditions is a difficult undertaking